Triple Marker Test: Purpose, Procedure, Cost, and Results

Pregnancy is a crucial time when parents want to ensure the health and well-being of their baby. With advancements in medical science, prenatal screening tests help detect potential genetic disorders and abnormalities at an early stage. One such essential test is the Triple Marker Test, which is performed during the second trimester to assess the baby’s health.

In this article, we will discuss everything about the Triple Marker Test, including its purpose, procedure, cost, and result interpretation.

What is a Triple Marker Test?

The Triple Marker Test, also known as the Triple Test or Triple Screening Test, is a prenatal blood test that helps assess the risk of chromosomal abnormalities and neural tube defects in an unborn baby. It is usually performed between 15 to 20 weeks of pregnancy.

The test measures three important substances in the mother’s blood:

1. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) – A protein produced by the fetal liver. Abnormal levels may indicate neural tube defects such as spina bifida.
2. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) – A hormone produced by the placenta. Unusual levels may indicate chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome.
3. Unconjugated Estriol (uE3) – An estrogen hormone produced by the placenta and fetus. Low levels may suggest genetic disorders.

Since the Triple Marker Test is a screening test, it does not diagnose conditions but helps identify whether a woman is at higher risk of carrying a baby with genetic abnormalities.

Why is the Triple Marker Test Important?

The Triple Marker Test is an essential screening tool that helps in:

• Detecting the risk of chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) and Edwards syndrome (Trisomy 18).
• Identifying neural tube defects like spina bifida and anencephaly.
• Providing insights into fetal development and overall pregnancy health.
• Guiding doctors in recommending further diagnostic tests such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) if required.
• Helping parents make informed decisions regarding the pregnancy.

Although the Triple Marker Test does not confirm a diagnosis, it helps determine whether additional tests are needed.

Who Should Take the Triple Marker Test?

The Triple Marker Test is usually recommended for:

• Women who are above 35 years of age, as the risk of genetic abnormalities increases with age.
• Pregnant women with a family history of genetic disorders.
• Women who had previous pregnancies with chromosomal abnormalities.
• Expectant mothers exposed to radiation, harmful chemicals, or certain medications.
• Women with diabetes or other chronic conditions that could affect pregnancy.
• Pregnant women who received abnormal results in previous prenatal screening tests.

Even if a woman does not fall into a high-risk category, the doctor may still recommend the Triple Marker Test as a precautionary measure.

When is the Triple Marker Test Done?

The Triple Marker Test is performed during the second trimester, usually between 15 to 20 weeks of pregnancy. The most accurate results are obtained when the test is done between 16 to 18 weeks.

Getting tested within this timeframe ensures early detection of risks and allows for further evaluation if necessary.

Procedure of the Triple Marker Test

The Triple Marker Test is a simple and non-invasive blood test. The procedure includes the following steps:

1. Consultation with a Doctor – The doctor reviews the mother’s medical history and recommends the test.
2. Blood Sample Collection – A small amount of blood is drawn from the mother's arm.
3. Lab Analysis – The sample is sent to a laboratory where the levels of AFP, hCG, and estriol are measured.
4. Report Generation – The test results are analyzed based on factors like age, weight, gestational age, and medical history.
5. Doctor’s Interpretation – The doctor explains the results and may recommend further tests if required.

Since the Triple Marker Test is non-invasive, it poses no risk to the mother or baby.

How to Prepare for the Triple Marker Test?

There are no special preparations required for the Triple Marker Test. However, keep the following points in mind:

• Fasting is not required, so you can eat and drink as usual before the test.
• Inform your doctor about any medications or supplements you are taking, as they may affect the results.
• Ensure that the test is done within the recommended time frame (15-20 weeks) for accurate results.

Understanding the Triple Marker Test Results

The Triple Marker Test results are based on the levels of AFP, hCG, and estriol. The results indicate whether the risk of abnormalities is low or high.

1. Low-Risk Result

A low-risk result means that the baby has a lower chance of having chromosomal abnormalities. No further testing is usually required.

2. High-Risk Result

A high-risk result suggests a greater likelihood of chromosomal disorders or neural tube defects. However, this does not confirm that the baby has a condition.

If the test results show a high risk, the doctor may recommend further diagnostic tests such as:

• Amniocentesis – A test that analyzes amniotic fluid for genetic abnormalities.
• Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) – A test that examines placental tissue for chromosomal disorders.
• Ultrasound Scans – To check for physical abnormalities in the baby.

Accuracy of the Triple Marker Test

The Triple Marker Test is a screening test, meaning it does not provide a definitive diagnosis but helps assess the probability of abnormalities.

• It has an accuracy rate of 60-70% for Down syndrome.
• When combined with an ultrasound scan, the accuracy improves.
• False positives or false negatives can occur due to incorrect gestational age calculation, multiple pregnancies, or other factors.

Cost of Triple Marker Test in India

The cost of the Triple Marker Test in India varies depending on the hospital or diagnostic center. On average, the price ranges between ₹2,500 to ₹6,000.

The cost may be influenced by:

• The location and reputation of the diagnostic center.
• Additional ultrasound scans or tests recommended by the doctor.
• Medical consultation charges.

It is advisable to compare prices at different labs and choose a reputed center for accurate results.

Difference Between Double Marker Test and Triple Marker Test

Conclusion

The Triple Marker Test is an important prenatal screening test that helps assess the risk of chromosomal abnormalities and birth defects in an unborn baby. It is a simple, non-invasive, and highly recommended test, especially for women with a higher risk of genetic disorders.

Although the test does not confirm any disease, it helps doctors make informed decisions about further diagnostic tests. If your doctor suggests a Triple Marker Test, it is best to get it done within the recommended 15-20 week timeframe for accurate results.